American Missionary Association Missionaries and Teachers

INEZ ADAMS, 1904-1967. PAPERS, 1914-1968 and n.d. 5.2 linear feet
Inez Adams was an anthropologist particularly interested in Africa, the islands of the Caribbean, and American race relations. She became involved in civil rights activities in the United States. The papers include correspondence, business records, materials for classes she taught at A.M.A.-affiliated Fisk University and at Brooklyn College, anthropological articles, literary prose, poems, and anthropological field notes.

BACON FAMILY. PAPERS, 1824-1879. 0.4 linear feet
The papers are over three hundred photocopies of items from the Bacon Papers in Yale University Library. These include the family correspondence of Rebecca T. Bacon, A.M.A. teacher in Virginia from 1869 to 1871. Also selected was correspondence to her father, Leonard Bacon, from officers of the American Colonization Society. Among the topics touched upon are the Maryland State Colonization Society, the Amistad Africans, colonization of Africa by African Americans, and Hampton Institute, the principal A.M.A. school in Virginia. Other Rebecca Bacon materials are in the A.M.A. Archives.

JOHN ALLEN BUGGS. PAPERS, 1939-1964. 5.6 linear feet
John Buggs was born in Brunswick, Georgia. He graduated from Dillard University, an A.M.A. school, in 1939. He received his Master's from Fisk University, also A.MA.-affiliated, in 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he was an instructor at the Association's Trinity School in Athens, Alabama, and from 1942 to 1951, he was principal of the Association's Fessenden Academy in Martin, Florida. He moved to Los Angeles, where, in 1954, he became executive secretary of the County Committee on Human Relations. From 1966 to 1967, he was president of the National Association of Intergroup Relations, later known as the National Association of Human Rights Workers (NA.H.R.W.), whose Archives the Center also holds. More recently, he has been deputy director of the federal Model Cities Administration, vice-president of the National Urban Coalition, and, until his retirement, staff director of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, that organization's highest administrative post. The papers include correspondence, reports, essays, financial records, bulletins, pamphlets, photographs, press releases, biographical information, and press clippings about Buggs' career in the South and Los Angeles. Subsequent deposits of papers will document his later career. Additional Buggs materials are in the Archives of the A.M.A., the Race Relations Department of U.C.B.H.M. and the N.A.H.R.W.

MARY E. CHAMBERLIN. PAPERS, 1848-1906. 0.4 linear feet
Mary Chamberlin was the daughter of William Benton Chamberlin (1847-1903), a music teacher at Oberlin Conservatory and Chicago Theological Seminary and a Congregational minister. Mary became a teacher of music at the A.M.A.-affiliated Fisk University in the 1880s. The papers comprise correspondence, pamphlets, photographs, a scrapbook, and some volumes about Oberlin College and religion.

LEWIS SHERMAN CLARK, 1865-1929. PAPERS, 1876-1980. 0.4 linear feet
Lewis S. Clark, a native Georgian, was principal from 1888 to 1929 of Knox Institute of the A.M.A. in Athens, Georgia. The papers include photostatic and photographic copies of a scrapbook compiled by his daughter and the donor of the collection, Elise Clark Rousseve. The photographs include pictures of faculty, students, and family. In addition, there are invitations, programs, press clippings, and a few personal and business letters. The Center also holds papers of Mrs. Rousseve's husband Ferdinand and her brothers-in-law Charles and Rene Rousseve.

ALBERT WALTER AND JESSIE COVINGTON DENT, 1904-1984. PAPERS, 1928-1984. 5.0 linear feet, 4 OS boxes, and 3 OS items
Albert Dent was born into a Congregational family in Atlanta and graduated from Morehouse College in 1926. His first jobs were with the Safety Construction Company (vice-president, 1927-1928) and Morehouse (alumni secretary). In 1932, he came to New Orleans to be the first director of the Flint-Goodridge Hospital of Dillard University, which had resulted from the merger of the A.M.A.'s Straight University and New Orleans University, a school established by the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From 1935 to 1941, he was business manager of the university, and from 1941 to 1969, he served as president of the school. He also served as president of many major organizations, including the Morehouse College Alumni Association (1931-939), Omega Psi Phi Fraternity (1937-1940), the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools for Negroes (1948-1949), New Citizens' Committee on Race Relations (1951-1952), the National Health Council (1953-1955), the National Tuberculosis Association (1965-1966), and the United Negro College Fund (1965-1970). He was vice-president of the Southern Regional Council (1952-1965) and a member of many boards of directors of other groups. Among the awards and honors that he received were L.L.D.s from Morehouse (1947), Tulane University (1969), and Bishop College (1969); the Will Ross Medal of the National TB Association, the Whitney Young Brotherhood Award of the National Urban Lague, the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christian and Jews, and the New Orleans Times-Picayune Loving Cup. His papers include correspondence, writings, reports, photographs, honors and awards, press clippings, and other collected printed items. Some papers are about his wife, Jessie Covington Dent, a pioneer concert pianist among African American women, and her family.

NELLIE DeSPELDER. DIARY, 1895-1899. 1 item
The item is a photocopy of a diary, ca. two hundred pages, kept by Nellie DeSpelder during her tenure as an American Missionary Association teacher in the Daniel Hand Preparatory School of Straight University in New Orleans. In addition to information about Straight and New Orleans, the diary describes schools in Orange Park, Florida, and Kings Mountain, North Carolina, that she visited.

DODD FAMILY. PAPERS, 1848-1868 and n.d. 1 OS box
The majority of the items are about the Reverend John Dodd, a Presbyterian minister (ordained as a Congregational minister) and a life member of the American Missionary Association, and his daughter Helen, who was an A.M.A. teacher in Portsmouth, Virginia, and Beaufort, North Carolina. The papers are a gift of Claire Wesselmann, great-granddaughter of Helen M. Dodd and include correspondence (1862-1866), sermons (1848-1864), press clippings (1863 and n.d.), and photostatic copies of photographs (1868 and n.d.), and an oath of loyalty (to the United States) and pass (1863-1864).

ESTHER W. DOUGLASS, ca. 1825-1916. PAPERS, 1865-1915 and n.d. 0.4 linear feet
Esther Douglass was a teacher for the American Missionary Association for thirty-one years in Virginia, Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Tennessee. The bulk of the papers, which are photocopies of the originals in the Michigan Historical Collections at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, is family correspondence and an autobiography. Also included are letters from Booker T. Washington and Billy Sunday, a diary, a speech, poems, homilies, press clippings, and other collected items. Among the topics treated are the life of the freedmen in the South, African American education and religion, the Klu Klux Klan in Tennessee and elsewhere, and white response to attempts to assist blacks.

RIVERS FREDERICK, 1874-1954. PAPERS, 1893-1958. 0.4 linear feet and 1 OS box
Rivers Frederick was born in New Roads, Louisiana. He completed the English course at New Orleans University in 1893 and received the M.D. from the University of Illinois College of Medicine. After serving as surgeon-in-chief at a small government hospital in Spanish Honduras, he became assistant professor of surgery at Flint Medical School in New Orleans (1904). In 1908, he became chief surgeon at Sara Goodridge Hospital in that same city. From 1913 to 1932, he was a surgeon for the Southern Pacific Railway, and from 1932 to 1953, he was chief of surgery at the Flint-Goodridge Hospital of Dillard University, an A.M.A. school. He also served as an instructor in surgery at the Flint-Goodridge summer postgraduate courses. One of the founders of the black-owned Louisiana Life Insurance Company, he was a board member, secretary, vice-president, and president and became the principal stockholder. He received many honors and awards from such groups as the International College of Surgeons, the National Urban League, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, the Dillard University Alumni Association, the New Orleans Branch NAACP, and the National Medical Association.

FREDERICK D. HALL, 1896-1984. ORAL HISTORIES INTERVIEWS, 1976. 2 reels of audiotape
The interviews were donated by Harry Eskew, a faculty member of the New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. Hall was head of the music department at Dillard University, director of its choir, and an arranger and composer.

GEORGE EDMUND HAYNES, 1880-1960. PAPERS, 1910-1972. 0.4 linear feet
George Haynes was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He received his bachelor's degree from Fisk University in 1903, his master's degree from Yale in 1904, and a doctorate from Colombia, the first it awarded to an African American, in 1912. In 1910, he founded the Social Science Department at Fisk University and with Mrs. W. H. Baldwin, nee Ruth Standish, was co-founder of the National Urban League. During and after World War I, he served as Director of Economics for the U.S. Department of Labor, and from 1921 to 1947, as the first executive secretary of the race relations department of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. During the years following World War II, he developed the Interracial Clinic for Alleviating Racial Conflict, and its recommendations subsequently were put into effect in over thirty U.S. cities. From 1950 until his fatal illness in 1959, he taught at the College of the City of New York. The papers consist of photocopies of correspondence in the Haynes Papers at Fisk University and published and unpublished writings about Haynes given by his widow.

FLETCHER HAMILTON HENDERSON FAMILY. PAPERS, 1920-1953 and n.d. 1.0 linear feet and 1 OS box
The Henderson Family Papers contain documentation of the life and work of Fletcher Hamilton Henderson (1857-1943), his wife, Ozie Lee Chapman Henderson (1865-1937), their children, Fletcher Hamilton (1897-1952), Irma Henderson Jacobs (1900-1976), and Horace Wade (1903-1987). The first Fletcher Henderson was born a slave. In 1875, he entered the University of South Carolina. After two years there, he transferred to the A.M.A.'s Atlanta University, from which he graduated in 1879. He taught at an elementary school in HollonvilIe, Georgia for a year before going to work for the A.M.A. at Howard Normal School in Cuthbert, Georgia. In 1883, he married one of his former students, Ozie Lee Chapman. She joined the faculty for elementary grades at Howard and remained a teacher there for forty years. In 1885, the county board of education began to share in supporting the school, gradually increasing its contributions until full support was assumed in 1919 and the school was renamed Randolph County Training School. Henderson remained its principal until 1942. When Cuthbert built a new school in 1963, it was named in his honor. The younger Fletcher Henderson attended Howard Normal and Atlanta University and grew up to be world-famous jazz band arranger and composer. The papers are principally non-correspondence including sheet music, photographs, press clippings, and other memorabilia.

GILES ALFRED HUBERT, 1907-1977. PAPERS, 1881-1977 and n.d. 12.0 linear feet, 6 OS boxes, and 1 OS item
Giles Hubert was born in Atlanta. He attended Jackson College in Mississippi, where his father Zachary Taylor Hubert was president. He earned his master's degree in economics at the University of Iowa in 1930. He first developed a professional interest in rural agricultural organizations during the early years of the Great Depression, when he worked in Log Cabin Community, a predominantly black land owning community in Hancock County, Georgia, where the Hubert Family lived. From 1934 to 1935, he worked in the Social Science Department of Fisk University. The materials that he developed at the time later were used in The Collapse of Cotton Tenancy (1936) by Charles S. Johnson and colleagues. In 1935, he went to work for the federal government, eventually rising to the rank of senior agricultural economist with the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Farm Security Administration. He worked at Fisk again from 1943 to 1948, and from 1951 to 1953, served as an economic officer at the American Consulate General in Bombay, India. From 1954 to 1973, he taught economics and held administrative positions at Dillard University.

The papers are overwhelmingly non-correspondence and include about three thousand five hundred photographic prints, negatives, and positive transparencies taken by Hubert of his family, Haiti, India, Dillard University and its environs, Europe, and other subjects. Because Hubert's photographic work is of professional caliber, these items perhaps are among the most valuable in the papers.

ANNA MARIE HANSEN JAMISON, 1877-1973. PAPERS, 1919-1972. 0.4 linear feet
Anna Jamison taught in a number of American Missionary Association schools, including Chandler Normal School, Lexington, Kentucky; Ballard Normal School, Macon, Georgia; Tillotson College, Austin, Texas; Straight University, later Dillard University, New Orleans; and Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, Mississippi. In addition to correspondence with students and colleagues, the papers include notes, pamphlets, catalogues, class rolls, student newspapers, and press clippings.

CHARLES SPURGEON JOHNSON, 1893-1956. PAPERS, 1866-1965. 10 items and 80 reels of microfilm
The originals, which the Center processed and holds in microform, are in the Fisk University Library. Charles S. Johnson was research director for the National Urban League, founder and editor of Opportunity, chairman of the Social Science Department at Fisk University, founder and director of the Race Relations Department of the United Church Board for Homeland Ministries, and the first Black president of Fisk University. He served on hundreds of private and governmental committees and commissions and was widely recognized as a leader in the movement for racial justice in America. The papers (151,248 microfilm exposures) include correspondence, speeches, reports, minutes, resolutions, agenda, by-laws, writings (speeches, books, articles), and some printed literature. A name index to correspondence prepared by the Center and available only in hard copy supplements the filmed holdings. Additional Johnson papers are in the Archives of the Race Relations Department and the A.M.A. and the Records of the Chicago Mayor's Committee on Race Relations.

CLIFTON HERMAN JOHNSON. PAPERS 1934, 1948-1996. 1.5 linear feet
Clifton Johnson is the founding Director and Executive Director Emeritus of the Amistad Research Center. He holds degrees from the University of Connecticut (ASTP Certificate) University of North Carolina (B.A.), University of Chicago (M.A.), and the University of North Carolina (Ph.D.) He has taught at LeMoyne College, East Carolina University, University of New Orleans and Tulane University. He served as an Archivist at the A.M.A.'s Fisk University, where he processed the archives of the American Missionary Association. He was the third Director of the Race Relations Department at Fisk, and became the founding Director of the Amistad Research Center when it was established as an adjunct to the Race Relations Department in 1966. He developed Amistad's collections into America's premier repository for research in race relations, civil rights, ethnic history, the A.M.A. and the United Church of Christ. He has been a leader in the field of Archival Education, and published several articles on the A.M.A. and U.S. abolitionist history. He has served as a Trustee Board Member at Central Congregational United Church of Christ.

The collection documents his involvement in civic, church and community affairs. It includes collected items documenting his activities with All Congregations Together (A.C.T.), Central Congregational Church, Friends of the Amistad Research Center, Amistad Affiliates, and the New Orleans Public Schools. Materials include correspondence, lecture notes, speeches, book reviews, an oral history interview, and a scrapbook kept by his daughter, Virginia.

HAROLD M. KINGLSEY, 1887-1970. PAPERS, 1930-1974 and n.d. ca. 70 items
The Reverend Harold Kingsley was born in Mobile, Alabama, where he attended the A.M.A.'s Emerson Institute. He graduated from Talladega College of the A.M.A. in 1908 and received a B.D. from Yale University Divinity School in 1911. He served as pastor of Union Congregational Church in Newport, Rhode Island, from 1911 to 1913. He next went with the A.M.A. as Director of Church Work in Oklahoma and Texas (1913-1916) and, later, in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Florida (1916-1920). In 1919, he became the first pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in Detroit. While he was in Detroit, the Congregational Home Missionary Society made him director of its Northern Negro church work, a position that he held until 1943. He became pastor of Mount Zion Congregational Church in Cleveland in 1921, and pastor of what became Good Shepherd Church in Chicago, in 1927. Under his direction, Good Shepherd Church became a leader in providing local social welfare services. From 1943 to 1951, he served as director of Pilgrim House (1943-1951), a joint Congregational-Presbyterian interracial social center in the "Little Tokyo" neighborhood of Los Angeles from which the Japanese Americans had been taken during World War II. Pilgrim House first served the large black and Chicano populations that moved in, and later, the returning Japanese Americans also. The papers are photostatic copies of correspondence, church bulletins, and press clippings. There are also some original photographs. Other materials about the Reverend Mr. Kingsley may be found in the Archives of the A.M.A., the Office of Church Building, and the Race Relations Department of U.C.B.H.M., and the five Records of the American Missionary [Magazine], the Congregational Church Extension Boards, and the C.H.M.S.

HERMAN HODGE LONG, 1912-1976. PAPERS, 1934-1978 and n.d. 2.0 linear feet and 1 OS package
Herman Long was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in about 1919. He moved to Chicago with his family for safety from racial unrest in Birmingham. He attended the American Missionary Association's Talladega College on scholarship and graduated in 1935. He received a master's degree from the Hartford School of Religious Education in 1936. He taught at Miles College and held Rosenwald and General Education Board fellowships during 1937 and 1943, when he came to work at the Race Relations Department at Fisk University. From 1948 to 1964, he was the Department's director. He became president of Talladega in 1965 and served until his death. He also was president of the United Negro College Fund, chairman of the United Church of Christ Council on Higher Education, and a member of the board of the Southern Regional Council.

The papers consist for the most part of Long's writings, especially those from 1944 to 1964, including articles, reports, speeches, book reviews, and a book chapter. Among the other materials are programs, correspondence, scrapbooks, photographs, press clippings, and other collected items. Most of the collection documents the time when Long was associated with the Race Relations Department. Many more Long items are in the Archives of the Department, the A.M.A., National Association of Human Rights Workers, and the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing.

GEORGE LONGE, 1897-1985. PAPERS, 1768-1971 and n.d. 16.4 linear feet and 2 OS boxes
George Longe was a native of New Orleans and graduated with highest honors from the high school department of Straight University (now Dillard University) in 1917. During World War I, he was in the Student Army Training Corps at Talladega College. Subsequently, he received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Straight. He made his career in New Orleans public schools, mostly serving as a principal. In the mid-1930s, he organized the first effort to have African American history taught in all grades of the Negro public schools. He also led movements for new and better-equipped schools and recreational facilities for the city's Black people and equal pay and benefits for Black teachers. He served the Louisiana Education Association on its executive committee for twelve years, as vice-president for two years, as president for three years, and as editor of its official journal for twelve years. In addition, he was a thirty-third degree Mason, and, for three decades, beginning in 1939, he was the Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Louisiana, which is apparently the oldest Masonic group working the Scottish Rite among African Americans. The papers provide materials for the study of Straight University, New Orleans race relations and civil rights, freemasonry (including many nineteenth-century items), and related subjects. The principal categories represented in the collection are correspondence, photographs, and collected printed materials.

MARGARET CALLENDER McCULLOCH, 1901-1996 . PAPERS, 1822-1975. 3.2 linear feet
Margaret McCulloch has had a long career as a teacher, writer, and civil rights worker. Her teaching career has included positions at Penn School, St. Helena Island, South Carolina, and LeMoyne College, Memphis, Tennessee. She was a longtime associate of Charles S. Johnson and Herman Long in the Race Relations Department at Fisk. Among the long list of her published writings, three of the most significant are Fearless Advocate of the Right: The Life of Francis Julius LeMoyne, 1798-1897; Segregation: A Challenge to Democracy; and Integration: Promise-Process-Problems. The papers include correspondence, speeches, an autobiographical sketch, a memoir, poems, notes, announcements, photographs, and collected items. Among the topics treated are McCulloch's career; Francis LeMoyne, whose bequest resulted in the founding of LeMoyne College; Max Gorvie, a Baptist missionary in Sierra Leone; Mary Eliza West, an African American freedwoman; race relations, and desegregation. McCulloch also has given the Center the records of the Opportunity Foundation Corporation, which she founded in 1962 to give scholarship and other aid to racial integration in Memphis.

MARR FAMILY. PAPERS, ca.1955-1987. 40.0 linear feet, 5 OS boxes, and 1 OS package
This collection includes the papers of Warren Marr II, his wife Carmel Carrington, and his sister Grace Marr Nugent. Mr. Marr worked with the American Missionary Association as director of the centennial programs of the A.M.A. schools until 1967, when he joined the public relations department of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He was editor of The Crisis from 1975 to 1980. He is a painter and photographer and has shown his work in New York and other cities. Mrs. Marr is a member of the New York State Bar. From 1953 to 1967, she was a member of the United States Mission to the United Nations and in 1967 was loaned as Senior Legal Officer to the U.N. Secretariat. In 1968, Governor Nelson Rockefeller named her to the New York Human Rights Appeal Board, from which she was named to the New York State Public Service Commission in 1971. Grace Marr Nugent, a registered nurse, became the first African American to serve in executive capacity with the American Nurses Association when she was named assistant executive secretary.

The papers document the careers of these three persons and contain much more documentation on their families. Correspondence touches upon several topics, including Friends of Amistad, the national organization that works on behalf of the Center, which Mr. Marr founded and was long-term executive director. Non-correspondence includes research materials about the Amistad incident and over five linear feet of professional quality photographs taken by Mr. Marr of A.M.A. institutions during their centennial period.

WILLIAM RAYMOND. PAPERS, 1846 and n.d. 3 items
William Raymond and his wife Eliza Ruggles Raymond accompanied the Amistad Africans back to Sierra Leone and established the A.M.A.'s Mendi Mission. The papers are photostatic and photographic copies of a letter and two photographs. Many other Raymond items are in the A.M.A. Archives.

JOHN A. ROCKWELL. PAPERS, 1865-1867. 0.4 linear feet
The Reverend John Rockwell arrived in Macon, Georgia, in January 1866, to be the superintendent of A.M.A. schools in central and southwest Georgia. Among his duties was supervision of the six Association schools in Macon. In 1868, he became the first principal of Lewis High School, later known as Ballard Normal School, which was established by the A.M.A. with aid from the U.S. Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned Lands, which also employed Rockwell. He married Martha D. Ayres, the matron of the A.M.A. teachers' home in Macon. The papers consist of incoming correspondence to Rockwell, Ayres, and the Rev. Hiram Eddy, the A.M.A.'s first resident agent in Macon. Most of the correspondents are officers of the Association and the Bureau. Many other Rockwell, Ayres, and Eddy letters are in the A.M.A. Archives.

MARGARET HELEN SCOTT. PAPERS, 1866-1987. 1 OS box
From 1936 to 1964, Margaret Scott was an A.M.A. teacher at Lincoln Normal School, Marion, Alabama; Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, Mississippi; and Talladega College, Talladega, Alabama. The papers consist of correspondence, mostly from her missionary associates; press clippings, including two complete sets of her history of early Richland County, Wisconsin, published in The Richland Observer; an autobiography; and collected items.

SHADD FAMILY. PAPERS, 1837-1906, 1857-1974, and n.d. 5 items and 1 reel of microfilm
Mary Ann Shadd Cary was an A.M.A. missionary in Canada working largely among the free persons of color and escaped slaves there in the mid-nineteenth century, and the editor of The Provincial Freeman. The papers include printed items and a reel of microfilmed family papers, among which are photographs, diaries, and a ledger. The papers also document activities of Israel D. Shadd, Abram D. Shadd, and Garrison Shadd and the history of North Buxton, Ontario, where many of the family lived. Other Cary materials are in the A.M.A. Archives.

FRANK TAYLOR SIMPSON, 1907-1974. PAPERS, 1943-1957, 1974-1975. 3 items and 1 reel of microfilm
Frank Simpson was born in Alabama he received a bachelor's degree from Tougaloo College, a school of the American Missionary Association. He moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where he worked as a field agent for the Congregational Church Extension Boards and the A.M.A. in the field of human relations. He was called from a job as social worker for the Independent Social Club of North Hartford in 1944 in order to head the newly established Connecticut Interracial Commission, the first such state organization in the U.S. With AIfred Baker Lewis, whose Papers the Center holds, and others, he worked for a state fair employment practices law, which was passed in 1947. From 1945 to 1950, he also served on the board of the Hartford Inter-Racial Scholarship Committee and in the United Negro College Fund. Shortly before his death, a public school in Hartford was named in his honor. The scrapbooks mostly contain press clippings about race relations and civil rights in Connecticut and elsewhere, including material about Simpson's own career.

ALRUTHEUS AMBUSH TAYLOR, 1891-1954. PAPERS, 1952-1954. 0.2 linear feet
Alrutheus Taylor was born in Washington, D.C. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan and his master's degree and doctorate from Harvard University. He was associated with the work of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History almost from the time of its founding. For twenty years, he was Dean of the College at Fisk University. He wrote many articles and three books, The Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction (1924), The Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia (1926), and The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880 (1941). The two items in the collection are a talk about Taylor by Charles S. Johnson on the occasion of Taylor's death and a full-length unpublished history of Fisk University, 1866-1951: "A Constructive Influence in American Life" (1952). They are photostatic copies of originals at Fisk University.

ROBERT AMBROSE THORNTON, 1897-1982. PAPERS, 1922-1982. 2.0 linear feet and 1 OS box
Robert A. Thornton was born in County, near Houston, Texas. He received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics from Howard University (1922), a master's degree in mathematics from Ohio State University (1925), and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Minnesota (1946). He taught over a period of fifty-eight years at Shaw University, Johnson C. Smith University, Talladega College, the University of Alabama, the University of Puerto Rico, the University of Chicago, Brandeis University, Dillard University, Fisk University, the University of San Francisco, San Francisco State University, and the University of the District of Columbia. He served as a Dean at San Francisco State and two A.M.A schools, Dillard and Fisk. When he was at Brandeis, Dr. Thornton worked with Albert Einstein at the Institute for Advanced Study, and his papers include correspondence with Einstein from 1944 to 1953 about the philosophy of science. In addition to other correspondence, there are writings, press clippings, and other collected printed items.

PRESTON AND BONITA VALIEN. PAPERS, ca. 1947-1958. 34.8 linear feet
The Valiens worked at Fisk University, where Mr. Valien was an administrator in the Social Science Department. This large collection of personal papers includes records of the Social Science Department, professional correspondence, writings of both Valiens, reprints of articles, articles by others collected by the Social Science Department, and correspondence about the Race Relations Institutes held at Fisk by the Race Relations Department of the U.C.B.H.M.

RAYMOND GOODWIN VON TOBEL, 1884-1935. PAPERS, 1910-1954 and n.d. 0.4 linear feet and 1 OS box
Raymond Von Tobel was principal of the Ballard School of the American Missionary Association from 1911 until his untimely death in an automobile accident in 1935. The papers relate to his career at the school and Macon, Georgia, where it was located, and his work for the A.M.A. at Fort Yates, North Dakota, among the Sioux Indians. They include correspondence, speeches and other writings, photographs, a notebook, programs, school publications, obituaries, press clippings, and a hymnal in the Sioux language. Other Von Tobel items are in the A.M.A. Archives.

LILLIAN WELCH VOORHEES, 1894-1972. PAPERS, 1892-1973. 20.0 linear feet, 1 OS box, and 1 OS package
Lillian Voorhees taught English, speech, and drama for forty-six years at colleges established by the A.M.A.: Tougaloo, Talladega, and Fisk. She served as treasurer of Fisk Union Church (U.C.C.) from 1944 to 1969 and was a member of the board and treasurer of the Eighteenth Avenue Youth Center in Nashville from 1958 until her death. She was a charter member of the National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts, which she served as executive secretary from 1937 to 1942 and from 1947 to 1952. She was also a life member of the American Education Theatre Association and the Speech Association of America. The papers contain correspondence, an autobiography, poems, plays, press clippings, and other collected items. Among the plays is "Amistad," by Owen Dodson, which she staged for the A.M.A. centennial (1947). Of particular note is the voluminous correspondence between Voorheees and her students.

EDWARD FRANKLIN WILLIAMS, 1832-1919. PAPERS, 1838-1918. 10.0 linear feet and 2 OS packages
Edward F. Williams was born in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, where he attended school. He later attended Yale College, where he received an A.M. in 1859. He graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1861. He was a field agent for the U.S. Christian Commission during the Civil War and then moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where he became principal of Lookout Mountain Educations Institutions, a school supported by the American Missionary Association. In 1867, he resigned to become an A.MA missionary teacher to freedmen in Washington, D.C. He was principal of the normal department of what became Howard University. In 1868, he became a missionary of the American Home Missionary Society and, late in the year, moved to Chicago. He remained in the Chicago area for most of the remainder of his life as pastor of Congregational churches there. He was the western correspondent of The Congregationalist and served as director of the Chicago City Missionary Society and as president of the Chicago Tract Society. He authored a book on Christian life in Germany and a biography of Dr. K.K. Pearsons. He contributed articles regularly for Bibliotheca Sacra, Popular Science Monthly. The Congregationalist, and various other religious journals.

The papers consist mostly of correspondence and are valuable for the study of Congregationalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction, black education, relations with Native Americans, and the development of charitable foundations in the United States, among other topics. They cover Williams's entire life. Other Williams letters are in the A.M.A. Archives.

JOHN WESLEY WORK, 1901-1967. PAPERS, ca. 1944 and 1979. 2 items
One item is a photocopy of a paper about African American musicians delivered by John W. Work during his tenure as chairman of the music department of Fisk University, which was established by the American Missionary Association. The second item, a paper, mentions the contributions of the Fisk Jubilee Singers, the Hall-Johnson Choir, William C. Handy, James Weldon Johnson, Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, and Bessie Smith.